Synthesis of pH-responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing polyisobutylene via oxyanion-initiated polymerization and their multiple self-assembly morphologies

 Two pH-responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers, namely polyisobutylene-block-poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PIB-b-PDMAEMA) and polyisobutylene-block-poly(metharylic acid) (PIB-b-PMAA), were synthesized via oxyanion-initiated polymerization, and their multiple self-assembly behaviors have been studied. An exo-olefin-terminated highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB) was first changed to hydroxyl-terminated PIB (PIB-OH) via hydroboration-oxidation of C＝C double bond in the chain end, and then reacted with KH to yield a potassium alcoholate of PIB (PIB-O^-K⁺). PIB-O^-K⁺ was immediately used as a macroinitiator to polymerize DMAEMA monomer, resulting in a cationic diblock copolymer PIB-b-PDMAEMA. With the similar synthesis procedure, the anionic diblock copolymer PIB-b-PMAA could be prepared via a combination of oxyanion-initiated polymerization of tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) and subsequent hydrolysis of tert-butyl ester groups in PtBMA block. The functional PIB and block copolymers have been fully characterized by ¹H-NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These samples allowed us to systematically investigate the effects of block composition on the pH responsivity and various self-assembled morphologies of the copolymers in THF/water mixed solvent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that these diblock copolymers containing small amount of original PIB without exo-olefin-terminated group are able to self-assemble into micelles, vesicles with different particle sizes and cylindrical aggregates, depending on various factors including block copolymer composition, solvent polarity and pH value.     

Characterisation of optical detectors using high-accuracy instruments

The facilities of the Metrology Research Institute at the Helsinki University of Technology, and methods for characterisation of optical detectors for spectral radiant intensity and irradiance responsivity, are described. The instrumentation for such characterisations includes a reference spectrometer with a number of auxiliary set-ups, and equipment for the spectral irradiance measurements with a filter radiometer based on a trap detector. The methods of realising the spectral responsivity scales based on an absolute cryogenic radiometer in house are addressed. The procedures and results of characterisation of a multipoint measuring system of photosynthetically active radiation, by employing the available facilities, are briefly described. The absolute irradiance responsivity of the device is determined by using a photometric lamp, whose spectral irradiance has been measured with the filter radiometer. The combined standard uncertainty of this set of calibrations is 3.6% at the 1σ level. The uncertainty is caused almost completely by the multipoint measuring system.     

飞秒激光与等离子体相互作用过程中超热电子能谱的测量

 报道了在3TW飞秒激光器上完成的激光 等离子体相互作用过程中产生的超热电子的能谱测量结果。能谱测量显示：在较低的能段，超热电子能谱先是呈现一个局部的平台，然后迅速衰减，呈现非类麦克斯韦分布，这是由于几种加热机制共同作用，其中占主导地位的是反射激光对电子的加速；在较高的能段，超热电子能谱呈类麦克斯韦分布，拟合的温度远远高于已知的温度定标律给出的温度，其原因在于超热电子分布的高能尾部本身的抬高和激光的自聚焦及成道。     

威布尔分布恒定——步进应力加速寿命试验可靠性统计分析方法及软件包

本文利用一个应力水平的恒定加速和一组步进加速寿命试验,给出使用寿命服从威布尔分布的机电产品的可靠性统计分析及计算软件包。     

DRIC: A dynamic version of the RIC method

A new incomplete factorization method is proposed, differing from previous ones by the way in which the diagonal entries of the triangular factors are defined. A comparison is given with the dynamic modified incomplete factorization methods of Axelsson–Barker and Beauwens, and with the relaxed incomplete Cholesky method of Axelsson and Lindskog. Theoretical arguments show that the new method is at least as robust as both previous ones, while numerical experiments made in the discrete PDE context show an effective improvement in many practical circumstances, particularly for anisotropic problems.     

车载状态下光电经纬仪的减振防护研究

针对光电经纬仪等高准确度仪器设备在运输过程中，对车载情况下产生的冲击和振动提出的具体要求，采用一套基于金属钢丝绳减震器的减振系统及加固装置对其进行抗振动防护．分析了车载情况下该减振系统的数学模型，并以某型号经纬仪模型为例，将其放置于满载质量15吨的某型号越野汽车中，在砂石路况下以30km／h的车速进行跑车试验，测得其加速度振动响应小于0．5g，冲击响应小于2．8g．     

OTF测试中CCD对测试准确度的影响和修正

对图像分析中的关键部件CCD本身离散采样的特点及其非线性、响应不均匀、暗电流、噪音等特性对测试造成的影响进行了分析,并给出了由以上因素造成的测试误差的修正方法.在高准确度OTF测试中,CCD必须具有优良的线性、较宽的动态范围、高信噪比.应用一些算法对其进行软件上处理,修正其对测试准确度降低的特征参量是提高测试准确度的有效方法.通过对50mm标准镜头实际测试,采用本文的处理方法对CCD修正后的传函仪测试准确度达到了±3%,满足高准确度测试要求.     

Acceleration of free release static coating of capillary columns by the presence of polar solvents in the coating solution – a theoretical study

The cause of an observed acceleration in the free release static coating process of a capillary when more polar solvents are added to alkanes as stationary phase solvents has been studied. By using a computer program, 9 of the relevant physical parameers were calculated in relation to the composition of the solvent hixtures. Curves of these parameters vs composition of the mixures were drawn. From the results it can be deduced that the change of these parameters with the increase of polar solvents in the solution, is probably insufficient to explain the drastic increase of the free release static coating speed. A physical model is proposed to calculate the depth of the meniscus around which sufficient heat can be transferred into the evaporating surface per unit time, to evaporate the solvent at a rate that the coating speed indicates. It is demonstrated that when pentane-acetone mixtures are used to coat a capillary, the depth of the meniscus indeed is greater than when pure pentane is used. The proposed model may lead to a better understanding of phenomena involved in the static coating process.     

不确定度优于0.035%的绝对光谱响应率标准探测器

讨论了由无窗硅光电二极管构成的反射式陷阱探测器的设计方案和工作原理 ,通过实验测试证明它具有良好的线性、空间响应均匀性、偏振非敏感性和稳定性。在可见波段的7个激光波长上（488nm-786nm),通过低温辐射计标定了陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应率,不确定度小于0.035%,比现有的标准辐射源的精度提高了约2个量级,证明其可以作为高精度的绝对光谱响应率标准探测器。     

基于可调谐激光的光谱辐射照度响应度定标

探测器的光谱辐射照(亮)度响应度是辐射定标中最重要的参数之一。传统的光谱辐射定标采用宽谱段光源和单色仪装置测量,新建的激光辐射测量装置采用激光和探测器测量,可以大大降低测量的不确定度。该装置首先将可调谐激光耦合进入积分球生成均匀的朗伯体单色光源,然后采用低温辐射计量传的标准陷阱探测器和面积已知的光阑,进行400～900 nm探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度标定。研究主要集中在四个方面：(1) 低温辐射计仅在某些分立激光波长定标标准探测器,其他激光波长下的光谱响应度必须进行插值,通过对比光谱响应度直接测量方法推导的陷阱探测器量子吸收效率,可以计算插值在其他波长带来的光谱响应度偏差,结果表明400～900 nm数据插值算法的总体偏差小于0.074%;(2) 实验采用电荷积分法测量标准探测器和被测探测器的电荷信号,并采用监视探测器消除激光功率起伏以降低激光功率稳定性的影响,测量重复性优于0.1%;(3) 针对标准探测器在向低温辐射计溯源和进行光谱辐射照度响应度量传时的激光功率差异,采用激光双光路叠加法测量探测器不同波长下的非线性系数,分析标准探测器光谱非线性带来的测量不确定度,在450,632.8和850 nm波长下,当探测器电流从0.2 mA变到3 nA时的非线性修正小于1.000 25;(4) 针对标准探测器定标时的功率模式和量传时的辐射照度模式差异,采用二维电控位移平台测量探测器的均匀性并进行修正,测量得到的标准探测器中心直径5 mm的非均匀性小于0.03%。最终采用可调谐激光辐射照度响应度测量装置,可以实现400～900 nm辐射照度响应度测量不确定度0.14%～0.074%(k=1)。实验对比了激光辐照度响应度装置和标准灯-单色仪装置两种方法测量的探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度。测量结果表明两种装置在400～900 nm的响应度标定近似等价,测量偏差全部位于标准灯-单色仪装置的测量不确定度范围内, 验证了激光辐照度响应度测量装置的实用性。